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Relative density, or specific gravity, is the ratio of the density mass of a unit volume of a substance to the density of a given reference material. Relative density Wikipedia. Relative density, or specific gravity,12 is the ratio of the density mass of a unit volume of a substance to the density of a given reference material. Specific gravity usually means relative density with respect to water. The term relative density is often preferred in scientific usage. It is defined as a ratio of density of particular substance with that of water. If a substances relative density is less than one then it is less dense than the reference if greater than 1 then it is denser than the reference. If the relative density is exactly 1 then the densities are equal that is, equal volumes of the two substances have the same mass. If the reference material is water then a substance with a relative density or specific gravity less than 1 will float in water. For example, an ice cube, with a relative density of about 0. A substance with a relative density greater than 1 will sink. Temperature and pressure must be specified for both the sample and the reference. Pressure is nearly always 1 atm 1. Pa. Where it is not, it is more usual to specify the density directly. Temperatures for both sample and reference vary from industry to industry. In British brewing practice the specific gravity as specified above is multiplied by 1. Specific gravity is commonly used in industry as a simple means of obtaining information about the concentration of solutions of various materials such as brines, sugar solutions syrups, juices, honeys, brewers wort, must, etc. Basic formulaseditRelative density RD or specific gravity SG is a dimensionless quantity, as it is the ratio of either densities or weights. RDsubstancereferencedisplaystyle mathit RDfrac rho mathrm substance rho mathrm reference ,where RD is relative density, substance is the density of the substance being measured, and reference is the density of the reference. By convention, the Greek letter rho, denotes density. The reference material can be indicated using subscripts RDsubstancereference, which means the relative density of substance with respect to reference. If the reference is not explicitly stated then it is normally assumed to be water at 4 C or, more precisely, 3. C, which is the temperature at which water reaches its maximum density. In SI units, the density of water is approximately 1. The relative density of gases is often measured with respect to dry air at a temperature of 2. C and a pressure of 1. Pa absolute, which has a density of 1. Relative density with respect to air can be obtained by. RDgasairMgas. Mairdisplaystyle mathit RDfrac rho mathrm gas rho mathrm air approx frac Mmathrm gas Mmathrm air Where M is the molar mass and the approximately equal sign is used because equality pertains only if 1 mol of the gas and 1 mol of air occupy the same volume at a given temperature and pressure i. Ideal gases. Ideal behaviour is usually only seen at very low pressure. For example, one mol of an ideal gas occupies 2. L at 0 C and 1 atmosphere whereas carbon dioxide has a molar volume of 2. L under those same conditions. Temperature dependenceeditSee Density for a table of the measured densities of water at various temperatures. The density of substances varies with temperature and pressure so that it is necessary to specify the temperatures and pressures at which the densities or masses were determined. It is nearly always the case that measurements are made at nominally 1 atmosphere 1. Pa the variations caused by changing weather patterns but as relative density usually refers to highly incompressible aqueous solutions or other incompressible substances such as petroleum products variations in density caused by pressure are usually neglected at least where apparent relative density is being measured. For true in vacuo relative density calculations air pressure must be considered see below. Temperatures are specified by the notation TsTr with Ts representing the temperature at which the samples density was determined and Tr the temperature at which the reference water density is specified. For example, SG 2. C4 C would be understood to mean that the density of the sample was determined at 2. C and of the water at 4 C. Taking into account different sample and reference temperatures we note that while SGH2. O 1. 0. 00. 00. C2. C it is also the case that RDH2. O 0. 9. 98. 20. C4 C. Here temperature is being specified using the current ITS 9. On the previous IPTS 6. C and 4 C are, respectively, 0. RD 2. 0 C4 C value for water of 0. The temperatures of the two materials may be explicitly stated in the density symbols for example relative density 8. C2. 0Cdisplaystyle 8. C 2. 0circ mathrm C, or specific gravity 2. Relative density can also help to quantify the buoyancy of a substance in a fluid, or determine the density of an unknown substance from the known density of another. Relative density is often used by geologists and mineralogists to help determine the mineral content of a rock or other sample. Gemologists use it as an aid in the identification of gemstones. Water is preferred as the reference because measurements are then easy to carry out in the field see below for examples of measurement methods. As the principal use of relative density measurements in industry is determination of the concentrations of substances in aqueous solutions and these are found in tables of RD vs concentration it is extremely important that the analyst enter the table with the correct form of relative density. For example, in the brewing industry, the Plato table, which lists sucrose concentration by mass against true RD, were originally 2. C4 C5 that is based on measurements of the density of sucrose solutions made at laboratory temperature 2. C but referenced to the density of water at 4 C which is very close to the temperature at which water has its maximum density of H2. O equal to 0. 9. The ASBC table6 in use today in North America, while it is derived from the original Plato table is for apparent relative density measurements at 2. C2. 0 C on the IPTS 6. In the sugar, soft drink, honey, fruit juice and related industries sucrose concentration by mass is taken from this work3 which uses SG 1. C1. 7. 5 C. As a final example, the British RD units are based on reference and sample temperatures of 6. F and are thus 1. C1. 5. 5. 6 C. 3MeasurementeditRelative density can be calculated directly by measuring the density of a sample and dividing it by the known density of the reference substance. The density of the sample is simply its mass divided by its volume. Although mass is easy to measure, the volume of an irregularly shaped sample can be more difficult to ascertain. One method is to put the sample in a water filled graduated cylinder and read off how much water it displaces. Alternatively the container can be filled to the brim, the sample immersed, and the volume of overflow measured. The surface tension of the water may keep a significant amount of water from overflowing, which is especially problematic for small samples. For this reason it is desirable to use a water container with as small a mouth as possible. For each substance, the density, is given byMass. 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